A Practical Method for Adjusting the Premium Rates in Crop-Hail Insurance with Short-Term Insurance Data

25.10.2022 4316 views

Among the most challenging aspects of crop-hail insurance is setting appropriate premium rates based on short-term insurance data because of the specific characteristics of hailstorms.

The frequency of hailstorms is generally low in small geographic areas. In other words, it may be very likely that hailstorm occurrences will vary between neighboring locations within a short period of time. Besides, a newly launched insurance scheme lacks the data. It is, therefore, difficult to sustain a sound insurance program under these circumstances, with premium rates based on meteorological data without a complimentary adjustment process.

To address this issue, a practical premium rate adjustment method was developed that could be used by insurers with short-term insurance data. This method, which is easy also for non-actuarial people to understand, was developed empirically by conducting simulations of various options in several scenarios.

The essence of this method is to smooth and increase the credibility of villages' loss costs with short-term insurance data by using a set of spatial and temporal adjustment factors. This is accomplished by creating a weighting method for the loss costs of hierarchical geographic units to be established based on the length of the villages' insurance records.

The required premium rates were determined by dividing the weighted loss costs by the target loss ratios. For the final premium rates, as a complement, a parcel-based rate adjustment plan has been designed based on the loss ratio.

The initial part of this paper highlights the characteristics and loss potential of hailstorms, the following part of this paper discusses briefly the basic elements of rating, the third part of the paper provides the historical background of premium rates in crop-hail insurance in Turkey, and the fourth part focuses the principles of rate adjustment, and the last part of this paper describes the village-based rate adjustment method and proposes a parcel-based rate adjustment plan.

READ THE PAPER - A Practical Method for Adjusting the Premium Rates in Crop-Hail Insurance with Short-Term Insurance Data

18.10.2019

Malta - Vegetable production dropped 7% in 2018

Last year, Malta’s local vegetable produce dropped by 7% when compared to the previous year. The total vegetables produced in tonnes amounted to 58,178, down by 7% when compared to 2017. Their value too diminished as the total produce was valued at €30 million, down by 13% over the previous year. The most significant drop was in potatoes, down by 27% over the previous year. Tomatoes and onions were the only vegetables to have increased in volume, by 3% and 4% respectively but their value diminished by 9% and 24% respectively. The figures were published by the National Statistics Office on the event of World Food Day 2019, which will be celebrated on Wednesday. Cauliflower, cabbage and lettuce produce dropped by 10%, 3%, and 12% respectively. In the realm of local fruit, a drop of produce was registered here too apart from strawberries, which experienced a whopping increase of 58% over 2017. Total fruit produced in 2018 amounted to 13,057 tonnes, down by 1% when compared to 2017. The total produce was valued at €10 million, a 3% increase in value. Peaches produced were down by 35% and the 376 tonnes of peaches cultivated amounted to €0.5 million in value. Orange produce dropped by 10% and lemon produce dropped by 14%. There was no change in the amount of grapes produced and the 3,642 tonnes of grapes produced in 2018 were valued at €2.3 million. 70% of fruit and vegetables consumed in Malta is imported. The drop in local produce could be the result of deleterious or unsuitable weather patterns. Source - https://www.freshplaza.com

07.10.2019

USA - Greenhouse tomato production spans most states

While Florida and California accounted for 76 percent of U.S. production of field-grown tomatoes in 2016, greenhouse production and use of other protected-culture technologies help extend the growing season and make production feasible in a wider variety of geographic locations. Some greenhouse production is clustered in traditional field-grown-tomato-producing States like California. However, high concentrations of greenhouses are also located in Nebraska, Minnesota, New York, and other States that are not traditional market leaders. Among the benefits that greenhouse tomato producers can realize are greater market access both in the off-season and in northern retail produce markets, better product consistency, and improved yields. These benefits make greenhouse tomato production an increasingly attractive alternative to field production despite higher production costs. In addition to domestic production, a significant share of U.S. consumption of greenhouse tomatoes is satisfied by imports. In 2004, U.S., Mexican, and Canadian growers each contributed about 300 million pounds of greenhouse tomatoes annually to the U.S. fresh tomato market. Since then, Mexico’s share of the greenhouse tomato market has grown sharply, accounting for almost 84 percent (1.8 billion pounds) of the greenhouse volume coming into the U.S. market. Source - https://www.freshplaza.com

03.10.2019

World cherry production will decrease to 3.6 million tons

According to information from the USDA for the 2019-2020 season, world cherry production is expected to decrease slightly and amount to 3.6 million tons. This decline is due to the damages that the weather caused on cherry crops in the European Union. Even though Chile is expected to achieve a record export, world trade in cherries is expected to drop to 454,000 tons, based on lower shipments from Uzbekistan and the US. Turkey Turkey's production is expected to increase to 865,000. As a result of the strong export demand, producers continue to invest and improve their orchards, switching to high yield varieties and gradually expanding the surface for sweet cherries. More supplies are expected to increase exports to a record 78,000 tons, continuing its long upward trend. Chile Chile's production is forecast to increase from 30,000 tons to 231,000 as they have a larger area of mature trees. Between 2009/10 and 2018/19, the crop area has almost tripled, a trend that is expected to continue. The country is expected to export up to 205,000 tons in higher supplies. The percentage of exports destined for China has increased from 13 to almost 90% since 2009/10. China China's production is expected to increase by up to 24% and to amount to 420,000 tons, due to the recovery of the orchards that were damaged by frost last year. In addition, there are new crops that will go into production. Imports are expected to increase by 15,000 tons and to stand at 195,000 tons, as the increase in supplies from Chile will more than compensate for the lower shipments from the United States. Although higher tariffs are maintained for American cherries, the United States is expected to remain China's main supplier in the northern hemisphere. United States US production is expected to remain stable at 450,000 tons. Imports are expected to increase to 18,000 tons with more supplies available from Chile. Exports are forecast to decrease for the second consecutive year to 80,000 tons, as high retaliatory tariffs continue to suppress US shipments to China. If this happens, it will be the first time that US cherry exports experience a decrease in 2 consecutive years since 2002/03, when production suffered a fall of 44%. European Union EU production is projected to fall by more than 20%, remaining at 648,000 tons because of the hail that affected the early varieties in Italy, and the frost, low temperatures, and drought that caused a significant loss of fruit in Poland, the main producer. Lower supplies are expected to pressure exports to 15,000 tons and increase imports to 55,000 tons. Russia Russia's imports are expected to contract by 13,000 tons to 80,000 with lower supplies from Kazakhstan, Moldova, and Serbia. Source - https://www.freshplaza.com

09.08.2019

EU - 20% fewer apples and 14% fewer pears than last year

This year's European apple production is expected to come to 10,556,000 tons. That is 20% less than last year. It is also 8% less than the average over the past three years. The European pear harvest is expected to be 2,047,000 tons. This is 14% lower than last year and 9% less than the previous three seasons average. These figures are according to the World Apple and Pear Association, WAPA's top fruit prognoses. They presented their report at Prognosfruit this morning. Apple harvest per country Poland is Europe's apple-growing giant. This country is expected to process 44% fewer apples. The yield is expected to be 2,710,000 tons. Last year, this was still 4,810,000 tons. In Italy, yields are only three percent lower than last year. According to WAPA, this country will have an apple harvest of 2,195,000 tons. France takes third place. They will even have 12% more apples than last year to process - 1,652,000 tons. Pear harvest per country With 511,000 tons, Italy's pear harvest is much lower than last year. It has dropped by 30%. In terms of the average over the previous three seasons, this fruit's yield is 29% lower. In the Netherlands, the pear harvest is expected to be six percent lower, at 379,000 tons. This volume is still 3% more than the average over the last three years. Belgium has 10% fewer pears (331,000 tons) than last year. They are just ahead of Spain. With 311,000 tons, Spain who will harvest four percent more pears. Apple harvest per variety The Golden Delicious remains, by far, the largest apple variety in Europe. It is expected that 2,327,000 tons of these apples will be harvested this year. This is three percent less than last year. At 1,467,000 tons, Gala estimations are exactly the same as last year. The European Elstar harvest will also be roughly equivalent to last year. A volume of 355,000 tons of this variety is expected. Pear harvest per variety Looking at the different varieties, the European Conference is estimated to be 8% lower than last year. A volume of 910,000 tons is expected. The low Italian pear estimate will result in 34% fewer Abate Fetel pears (211,000 tons) being available. This is according to WAPA's estimate. This makes this variety smaller than the Williams BC (230.000 ton) in Europe. Source - https://www.freshplaza.com

30.01.2018

Spring frost losses and climate change not a contradiction in terms - Munich Re

Between 17 April and 10 May 2017, large parts of Europe were hit by a cold snap that brought a series of overnight frosts. As the budding process was already well advanced due to an exceptionally warm spring, losses reached historic levels – particularly for fruit and wine growers: economic losses are estimated at €3.3bn, with around €600m of this insured. In the second and third ten-day periods of April, and in some cases even over the first ten days of May 2017, western, central, southern and eastern Europe experienced a series of frosty nights, with catastrophic consequences in many places for fruit growing and viticulture. The worst-affected countries were Italy, France, Germany, Poland, Spain and Switzerland. Losses were so high because vegetation was already well advanced following an exceptionally warm spell of weather in March that continued into the early part of April. For example, the average date of apple flowering in 2017 for Germany as a whole was 20 April, seven days earlier than the average for the period 1992 to 2016. In many parts of Germany, including the Lake Constance fruit-growing region, it even began before 15 April. In the case of cherry trees – whose average flowering date in Germany in 2017 was 6 April – it was as much as twelve days earlier than the long-term average. The frost had a devastating impact because of the early start of the growing season in many parts of Europe. In the second half of April, it affected the sensitive blossoms, the initial fruiting stages and the first frost-susceptible shoots on vines. Meteorological conditions The weather conditions that accounted for the frosty nights are a typical feature of April, and also the reason for the month’s proverbial reputation for changeable weather. The corridor of fast-moving upper air flow, also known as the polar front, forms in such a way that it moves in over central Europe from northwesterly directions near Iceland. This north or northwest pattern frequently occurs if there is high air pressure over the eastern part of the North Atlantic, and lower air pressure over the Baltic and the northwest of Russia. Repeated low-pressure areas move along this corridor towards Europe, bringing moist and cold air masses behind their cold fronts from the areas of Greenland and Iceland. Occasionally, the high-pressure area can extend far over the continent in an easterly direction. The flow then brings dry, cold air to central Europe from high continental latitudes moving in a clockwise direction around the high. It was precisely this set of weather conditions with its higher probability of overnight frost that dominated from mid-April to the end of the month. There were frosts with temperatures falling below –5°C, in particular from 17 to 24 April (second and third ten-day periods of April), and even into the first ten-day period of May in eastern Europe. The map in Fig. 2 shows the areas that experienced night-time temperatures of –2°C and below in April/May. High losses in fruit and wine growing Frost damage to plants comes from intracellular ice formation. The cell walls collapse and the plant mass then dries out. The loss pattern is therefore similar to what is seen after a drought. Agricultural crops are at varying risk from frost in the different phases of growth. They are especially sensitive during flowering and shortly after budding, as was the case with fruit and vines in April 2017 due to the early onset of the growing season. That was why the losses were so exceptionally high in this instance. In Spain, the cold snap also affected cereals, which were already flowering by this date. Even risk experts were surprised at the geographic extent and scale of the losses (overall losses: €3.3bn, insured losses: approximately €600m). Overall losses were highest in Italy and France, with figures of approximately a billion euros recorded in each country. Two basic concepts for frost insurance As frost has always been considered a destructive natural peril for fruit and wine growing and horticulture, preventive measures are widespread. In horticulture, for example, plants are cultivated in greenhouses or under covers, while in fruit growing, frost-protection measures include the use of sprinkler irrigation as well as wind machines or helicopters to mix the air layers. Just how effective these methods prove to be will depend on meteorological conditions, which is precisely why risk transfer is so important in this sector. There are significant differences between one country and the next in terms of insurability and insurance solutions. But essentially there are two basic concepts available for frost insurance: indemnity insurance, where hail cover is extended to include frost or other perils yield guarantee insurance covering all natural perils In most countries, the government subsidises insurance premiums, which means that insurance penetration is higher. In Germany, where premiums are not subsidised and frost insurance density is low, individual federal states like Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg have committed to providing aid to farms that have suffered losses – including aid for insurable crops such as wine grapes and strawberries. Late frosts and climate change There are very clear indications that climate change is bringing forward both the start of the vegetation period and the date of the last spring frost. Whether the spring frost hazard increases or decreases with climate change depends on which of the two occurs earlier. There is thus a race between these two processes: if the vegetation period in any given region begins increasingly earlier compared with the date of the last spring frost, the hazard will increase over the long term. If the opposite is the case, the hazard diminishes. Because of the different climate zones in Europe, the race between these processes is likely to vary considerably. Whereas the east is more heavily influenced by the continental climate, regions close to the Atlantic coastline in the west enjoy a much milder spring. A study has shown that climate change is likely to significantly reduce the spring frost risk in viticulture in Luxembourg along the River Moselle1. The number of years with spring frost between 2021 and 2050 is expected to be 40% lower than in the period 1961 to 1990. By contrast, a study on fruit-growing regions in Germany2 concluded that all areas will see an increase in the number of days with spring frost, especially the Lake Constance region, where reduced yields are projected until the end of this century. At the same time, however, only a few preliminary studies have been carried out on this subject, so uncertainty prevails. Outlook The spring frost in 2017 illustrated the scale that such an event can assume, and just how high losses in fruit growing and viticulture can be. Because the period of vegetation is starting earlier and earlier in the year as a result of climate change, spring frost losses could increase in the future, assuming the last spring frost is not similarly early. It is reasonable to assume that these developments will be highly localised, depending on whether the climate is continental or maritime, and whether a location is at altitude or in a valley. Regional studies with projections based on climate models are still in short supply and at an early stage of research. However, one first important finding is that the projected decrease in days with spring frost does not in any way imply a reduction in the agricultural spring frost risk for a region. So spring frosts could well result in greater fluctuations in agricultural yields. In addition to preventive measures, such as the use of fleece covers at night, sprinkler irrigation and the deployment of wind machines, it will therefore be essential to supplement risk management in fruit growing and viticulture with crop insurance that covers all natural perils. Source - ttps://www.munichre.com/

17.05.2014

Russia Livestock Overview: Cattle, Swine, Sheep & Goats

Private plots generate 48 percent of cattle, 43 percent of swine and 54 percent of sheep and goats in Russia.  The Russian government recently approved a new program that will succeed the National Priority Project in agriculture (NPP) titled, “TheState Program for Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Food and Agricultural Markets in 2008-2012,” that encourages pork and beef production and attempts to address Russia’s declining cattle numbers.  This program includes import-substitution policies designed to stimulate domestic livestock production and to protect local producers. In the beginning of 2007, the economic environment for swine production was generally unfavorable.  The average production cost was RUR40-45/kilo of live weight, while the farm gate price was RUR40/kilo live weight.  Pork producers have been expressing concern for years about sales after implementation of the NPP as pork consumption is growing at a slower rate than pork production.  As a result, the pork sector has been lobbying the Russian government to regulate imports in spite of the meat TRQ agreement. From January-September 2007, 1.38 million metric tons (MMT) of red meat was imported.  A 12-year decline in beef production has resulted in limited beef availability in the Russian market leading to a spike in prices.  In response, the Russian government has been force to take steps to increase the availability of beef by lifting a meat ban on Poland and by looking to Latin America for higher volumes of product.  Feed stocks decreased during the first 11 months of 2007 compared to the previous year which will likely create even greater financial problems for livestock operations in 2008 as feed prices continue to skyrocket.  Grain prices increased rapidly in Russia through the middle of July 2007 before stabilizing at high levels as harvest progress reports were released. The Russian pig crop is expected to increase by 6 percent in 2008, while cattle herds are predicted to decrease by 3.5 percent.  Some meat market analysts predict that by 2012, as new and modernized pig farming complexes reach planned capacity, pork production could reach 3.5 MMT – up 75 percent from 2008 estimates. According to the Russian Statistics Agency (Rosstat), 1/3 of all Russian “large farms” are unprofitable.  Many of these are involved in livestock production.  Small, inefficient producers are uncompetitive and have already begun disappearing from the market. The Russian veterinary service continues to playa decisive role in meat import supply management. Source - http://www.cattlenetwork.com

27.11.2012

Statistics Canada : Farm income, 2011

Realized net income for Canadian farmers amounted to $5.7 billion in 2011, a 53.1% increase from 2010. This rise followed a 19.0% increase in 2010 and a 19.6% decline in 2009. Realized income is the difference between a farmer's cash receipts and operating expenses, minus depreciation, plus income in kind. Realized net income fell in four provinces: Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Manitoba and British Columbia. In each, increases in costs outpaced gains in receipts. Farm cash receipts Farm cash receipts, which include market receipts from crop and livestock sales as well as program payments, rose 11.9% to $49.8 billion in 2011. This was the first increase since 2008. Market receipts alone increased 12.0% to $46.3 billion. Crop receipts, which increased 15.8% to $25.9 billion, contributed the most to the increase. Sales from livestock products rose 7.5% to $20.3 billion, the largest annual increase since 2005. Stronger prices for grains and oilseeds played a major role in the increase in crop revenues. For example, canola receipts increased 37.3% in 2011 on the strength of a 27.3% gain in prices. Grains and oilseed prices started rising in the last half of 2010 as a result of limited global stocks and strong demand. Even though prices peaked in mid-2011, prices for the year, on average, remained well above 2010 levels. Crop receipts rose in every province except Manitoba and Newfoundland and Labrador. In Manitoba, difficult growing conditions reduced marketings of most grains and oilseeds. In Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, increases in potato prices and marketings helped push crop receipts higher. It was also stronger prices that were behind the rise in livestock receipts. Hog receipts increased 15.5% to $3.9 billion on the strength of a 14.7% price increase. Cattle prices rose 19.5% in 2011, while receipts increased 1.1% because of a reduced supply of market animals. Hog, cattle and calf prices increased in 2010. The upward trend continued throughout most of 2011, primarily because of low North American inventories and high feed grain costs. Receipts for producers in the three supply-managed sectors-dairy, poultry and eggs-increased 7.9% as rising prices reflected higher costs for feed grain and other production inputs. A 14.9% rise in chicken receipts exceeded increases for eggs (+8.7%) and dairy products (+5.3%). Program payments increased 11.2% to $3.5 billion in 2011. Increases in Quebec provincial stabilization payments as well as crop insurance payments in Manitoba and Saskatchewan accounted for much of the rise. Farm expenses Farm operating expenses (after rebates) were up 8.4% to $38.3 billion in 2011, the second-largest percentage increase since 1981. This increase followed two consecutive years of modest declines. Higher prices for fertilizer, feed and machinery fuel contributed to the increase in operating expenses. According to the Farm Input Price Index, both fertilizer and machinery fuel prices were up by over 25% in 2011. At the same time, feed grain prices increased by more than 30%. When depreciation charges were included, total farm expenses increased 8.2% to $44.1 billion. Depreciation costs rose 6.9%. Total farm expenses advanced in every province in 2011. The largest percentage increases occurred in Saskatchewan (+12.3%), Quebec (+9.5%) and Alberta (+9.0%). Total net income Total net income reached $5.8 billion, a $3.3 billion gain. There were large increases in Saskatchewan (+$2.1 billion), Alberta (+$567 million) and Ontario (+$470 million), while Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick and Manitoba saw declines. Total net income adjusts realized net income for changes in farmer-owned inventories of crops and livestock. It represents the return to owner's equity, unpaid labour, and management and risk. The total value of farm-owned inventories rose by $165 million in 2011. A strong increase in deferred grain payments together with the first increase in cattle inventories since 2004 contributed to the rise. Note to readersRealized net income can vary widely from farm to farm because of several factors, including commodities, prices, weather and economies of scale. This and other aggregate measures of farm income are calculated on a provincial basis employing the same concepts used in measuring the performance of the overall Canadian economy. They are a measure of farm business income, not farm household income. Financial data for 2011 collected at the individual farm business level using surveys and other administrative sources will soon be tabulated and made available. These data will help explain differences in performance of various types and sizes of farms. For details on farm cash receipts for the first three quarters of 2012, see today's "Farm cash receipts" release. As a result of the release of data from the 2011 Census of Agriculture on May 10, 2012, data on farm cash receipts, operating expenses, net income, capital value and other data contained in the Agriculture Economic Statistics series are being revised, where necessary. The complete set of revisions will be released in the November 26, 2013, edition of The Daily. Table 1 Net farm income 2009 2010r 2011p 2009 to 2010 2010 to 2011 millions of dollars % change + Total farm cash receipts including payments 44,599 44,466 49,772 -0.3 11.9 - Total operating expenses after rebates 36,052 35,315 38,276 -2.0 8.4 = Net cash income 8,547 9,151 11,496 7.1 25.6 + Income-in-kind 39 40 45 2.6 11.1 - Depreciation 5,471 5,483 5,864 0.2 6.9 = Realized net income 3,115 3,709 5,677 19.0 53.1 + Value of inventory change -281 -1,157 165 ... ... = Total net income 2,834 2,551 5,842 ... ... Table 2 Net farm income, by province Canada Newfoundland and Labrador Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec millions of dollars 2010r + Total farm cash receipts including payments 44,466 118 407 500 479 7,171 - Total operating expenses after rebates 35,315 106 367 422 406 5,472 = Net cash income 9,151 12 41 78 73 1,699 + Income-in-kind 40 0 0 1 1 10 - Depreciation 5,483 8 41 59 54 727 = Realized net income 3,709 4 0 19 20 983 + Value of inventory change -1,157 -0 18 0 9 13 = Total net income 2,551 4 18 19 29 996 2011p + Total farm cash receipts including payments 49,772 120 477 527 533 7,967 - Total operating expenses after rebates 38,276 114 391 448 424 6,018 = Net cash income 11,496 6 86 79 109 1,949 + Income-in-kind 45 0 0 1 1 11 - Depreciation 5,864 9 43 62 55 767 = Realized net income 5,677 -2 43 18 55 1,194 + Value of inventory change 165 -0 -12 2 -50 -24 = Total net income 5,842 -3 31 20 5 1,170 Source - http://www.4-traders.com/

23.02.2012

Ukraine - Information on Crop Insurance in Spring-Autumn 2011

Download file with graphs >>> Throughout spring-summer 2011, the insurance companies signed 1,981 crop insurance contracts (750 contracts in 2010). Our database does not distinguish between the types of contracts for spring-autumn as these contracts were less standardised than the contracts providing coverage for the winter season.  Normally, the insurers allowed producers to select a limited coverage (i.e. selected perils). This reduces the cost of insurance, especially if the client wishes to insure only against some predetermined risks. Throughout spring-autumn 2011, 540,000 hectares were insured (340,000 in 2010). The total sum insured was nearly UAH 3.2 b. (UAH 1.6 b. in 2010). The total premiums amounted to UAH 108 million (UAH 57.7 million in 210). The average premium rate was 3.38%, i.e. somewhat lower than in 2010 (3.59%). The forward grain purchase programme of the KhlibInvestBud Company in the grain market was the major factor contributing to the development of agri-insurance. All producers participating in the programme had to insure the yield with one of the three accredited companies (ASKA, Brokbuisness or Providna). Consequently, these three companies collected over 47% of all premiums in the market in spring-autumn 2011 and insured 264,000 hectares, e.g. 49% of the total acreage insured in the 2011 season.  The average insurance rates of these companies were at the level of the market average rate. That may be seen as an indicator that KhlibInvestBud required the producers to have real insurance coverage (which is often not the case when crops are insured as collateral). According to the insurance companies, the average premium rate on bank pledged crops insured in spring-autumn 2011 was only 1.29%. The insurance companies could not provide the indemnity data for the time when the data was requested, i.e. the database does not include the indemnity and loss data. These data will be collected at later stages along with the data on winter crops insured during autumn 2012. Crop data The producers preferred to insure winter wheat (1,091 contracts), sugar beets (234 contracts), corn (192 contracts) and winter rye (122 contracts). Fruit trees and grapes were not covered at all.  It should be noted that horticulture insurance is virtually nonexistent in Ukraine. In spring 2011, very few producers purchased vegetable coverage at the rates significantly lower than the average agri-insurance rates in Ukraine. The insured acreage under winter wheat was 284,000 hectares. The producers paid over UAH 44 million under the contracts insuring winter wheat for the summer season. The corn insurance contracts covered some 69,500 hectares and provided for the premiums worth UAH 19.3 million Sugar beets were insured on 55,800 hectares and the producers collected UAH 26.8 million of premiums. The insured acreage under sunflowers was 40,000 hectares (only UAH 4.7 million collected). The key agri-insurance data are given in the table below. Table: Crop insurance data by crop Crop Contracts Including, collateral agreements Acreage, hectares Insured sum, UAH Premiums, UAH Winter wheat 1,091 42 284,156 1,431,197,640 44,356,435 Winter barley 39 9 9,136 21,520,785 348,608 Winter rye 122 1 13,317 38,726,205 1,430,316 Winter triticale 2 2 380 1,368,360 13,478 Winter rapeseed 31 15 12,060 65,866,904 1,011,434 Wheat 6 0 1,890 9,335,331 154,280 Barley 88 1 21,078 64,027,285 3,359,356 Rye 1 0 9,854 30,765,013 1,155,223 Sugar beets 234 3 55,845 735,329,840 26,803,363 Sunflower 98 5 40,137 161,813,125 4,749,494 Rapeseed 2 0 254 1,168,146 165,877 Bea 1 0 32 70,144 905 Soya 54 1 19,615 84,895,368 3,928,492 Vegetables 1 0 11 512,050 8,193 Corn 192 4 69,490 495,640,697 19,339,792 Spring mustard 2 0 627 526,879 23,595 Tomatoes 1 0 663 18,332,454 696,633 Chick pea 2 0 22 125,104 2,551 Buck wheat 13 0 1,140 31,855,050 318,124 Rice 1 0 352 6,588,000 197,640 Total 1,981 83 540,057 3,199,664,378 108,063,789 The average premium rate for winter wheat was 3.1%. Sugar beets were insured at 3.65%, corn – at 3.9% and sunflowers – at 2.94%.  The rapeseed insurance was most expensive – the average rate for two contracts was 14.2%, however it is hardly indicative due to the low number of contacts. In spring 2011, the tomato insurance was most expensive (UAH 1,051 per hectare). It was expensive to insure rapeseed (UAH 653/hectare), rice (UAH 561/hectare) and sugar beets (UAH 480/hectare). Other key features per crop are given in the table below. Table: Average premium rates, average insured sums, indemnities and average rates per crop Crop Average premium rate Acreage hectares per contracts Premium total, UAH per contract Premium sum, UAH per hectare Insured sum per hectare Winter wheat 3.10%                       260 40,657 156 5,037 Winter barley 1.62%                       234 8,939 38 2,356 Winter rye 3.69%                       109 11,724 107 2,908 Winter triticale 0.99%                       190 6,739 35 3,600 Winter rapeseed 1.54%                       389 32,627 84 5,462 Wheat 1.65%                       315 25,713 82 4,939 Barley 5.25%                       240 38,174 159 3,038 Rye 3.75%                   9,854 1,155,223 117 3,122 Sugar beets 3.65%                       239 114,544 480 13,167 Sunflower 2.94%                       410 48,464 118 4,032 Rapeseed 14.20%                       127 82,938 653 4,599 Bea 1.29%                         32 905 28 2,192 Soya 4.63%                       363 72,750 200 4,328 Vegetables 1.60%                         11 8,193 745 46,550 Corn 3.90%                       362 100,728 278 7,133 Spring mustard 4.48%                       314 11,798 38 840 Tomatoes 3.80%                       663 696,633 1051 27,660 Chick pea 2.04%                         11 1,276 116 5,687 Buck wheat 1.00%                         88 24,471 279 27,952 Rice 3.00%                       352 197,640 561 18,716 Average 3.38%                       273 54,550 200 5,925 Data by region The oblast of Poltava was the leader by the number of contracts sold in spring-autumn 2011.  Three hundred eighty two contracts were signed in Poltava oblast. The insured acreage was 96,000 hectares. The total premium amounted to UAH 34 million or 32% of the total agri-insurance premiums in Ukraine. In these oblasts the producers of sugar beets, sunflowers and corn were most likely to insure. By number of contracts, the leaders are the oblasts of Khmel’nytsk (158 contracts), Vinnytsya (146 contracts), Odessa (103 contracts), and Zhytomyr (102 contracts). In all other oblasts the number of contracts per oblast never exceeded 100. In addition to Poltava oblast, the largest insured acreages were in the oblasts of Vinnytsya (46,800 hectares), Khmel’nytsk (37,200 hectares), Kherson (36,600 hectares) and Sumy (30,600 hectares). The highest premiums were collected in the oblasts of Khmel’nytsk (UAH 11.6 million), Vinnytsya (UAH 6.9 million), Kirovograd (UAH 4.5 million) and Zhytomyr (UAH 4.5 million). Table: agri-insurance by oblast Oblast Contracts Total acreage, hectares Sum insured, UAH Premiums, UAH Crimea Autonomous Republic 57 16,530 62,490,177 2,094,670 Vinnytsya 146 46,811 395,480,909 6,880,688 Volyn 32 6,314 35,441,029 950,265 Dniepropetrovsk 76 22,873 75,646,089 1,864,920 Donetsk 60 12,224 51,997,934 1,477,373 Zhytomyr 102 18,440 109,738,929 4,467,712 Zakarpattya 5 700 5,626,795 422,145 Zaporizhzhya 26 10,965 51,435,588 1,542,322 Ivano-Frankivsk 24 4,249 28,764,906 1,075,829 Kyiv 89 15,349 96,631,725 3,349,294 Kirovograd 84 29,083 144,442,608 4,500,355 Lugansk 64 13,535 41,212,761 1,155,739 Lviv 37 22,656 114,083,087 3,745,327 Mykolaiv 82 15,485 87,389,454 3,587,329 Odessa 103 19,773 139,691,985 2,558,958 Poltava 382 96,056 749,965,702 34,164,297 Rivne 34 14,497 101,459,633 2,033,981 Sumy 84 30,645 136,901,330 3,126,327 Ternopil 68 15,883 94,081,477 3,238,702 Kharkiv 73 20,608 105,712,615 3,942,607 Kherson 56 36,576 128,827,595 4,123,570 Khmel’nytsk 158 37,320 260,929,735 11,627,662 Cherkassy 54 14,957 89,768,606 2,459,782 Chernivtsi 12 1,759 6,174,076 251,604 Chernigiv 73 16,771 85,769,635 3,422,333 Total 1,981 540,057 3,199,664,378 108,063,789  The average premium rate throughout 2011 spring-autumn was 3.38%. At the same time, only in four oblasts the average rate per oblast was over 4%. Thus in Zhytomyr oblast the average rate was 4.07% (4.1% in Mykolaiv oblast, 4,56% in Poltava oblast and 4.46% in Khmal’nytsk oblast). The lowest rates were applied in the oblasts of Vinnytsya (1.74%), Odesa (1.83%) and Rivne (2%). The average contract insured 273 hectares. The average premium per acreage unit (hectare) was UAH 200. The lowest average premiums were paid in the oblasts of Dniepropetrovsk (UAH 82) and Lugansk (UAH 85). Agri-insurance was most costly in the oblasts of Poltava (UAH 356) and Khmel’nytsk (UAH 312). The table below illustrates the other major indicators. Table: Agri-insurance by oblast Oblast Average premium rate Acreage, hectares per contract Premium per contract, UAH Premium per acreage unit, UAH/hectare Crimea Autonomous Republic 3.35% 290 36749 127 Vinnytsya 1.74% 321 47128 147 Volyn 2.68% 197 29696 151 Dniepropetrovsk 2.47% 301 24538 82 Donetsk 2.84% 204 24623 121 Zhytomyr 4.07% 181 43801 242 Zakarpattya 7.50% 140 84429 603 Zaporizhzhya 3.00% 422 59320 141 Ivano-Frankivsk 3.74% 177 44826 253 Kyiv 3.47% 172 37633 218 Kirovograd 3.12% 346 53576 155 Lugansk 2.80% 211 18058 85 Lviv 3.28% 612 101225 165 Mykolaiv 4.10% 189 43748 232 Odessa 1.83% 192 24844 129 Poltava 4.56% 251 89435 356 Rivne 2.00% 426 59823 140 Sumy 2.28% 365 37218 102 Ternopil 3.44% 234 47628 204 Kharkiv 3.73% 282 54008 191 Kherson 3.20% 653 73635 113 Khmel’nytsk 4.46% 236 73593 312 Cherkassy 2.74% 277 45552 164 Chernivtsi 4.08% 147 20967 143 Chernigiv 3.99% 230 46881 204 Average 3.38% 273 54550 200 Data by insurers According to the data provided by the insurance companies, 13 companies insured crops and perennial plantings in spring-summer 2010. The companies UESK and HDI did not provide agri-insurance in this season. Based on the available data, the insurers can be divided into three groups by number of contracts sold.  It is an important indicator of market penetration, in particular at the regional level. As a risk management tool agri-insurance is more important for small and medium producers than for big producers and agro-holdings. Some insurers that signed few contracts yet collected considerable premium amounts are included in the second group. The first group consists of the leader companies: Providna, UASK, Brokbusiness and PZU –Ukraine. Each of these companies sold over 100 contracts during the season. The company Providna signed 868 contracts (44%) to insure crops on 177,000 hectares (33% of the total acreage insured in spring-autumn 2011). The company became the leader, to a large extent, due to the participation in the KhlibInvestBud grain purchase programme. The sales volumes and acreage insured by the Providna company were nearly twice as high as those of the two other leading companies (Brokbusiness and UASK). The UASK company rates next to Providna for all major indicators except the level of premiums collected. UASK sold 470 contracts (24% of the market) to insure 106,600 hectares (20%). At the same time, this company collected the highest amount of premium – UAH 45 million or 42% of the gross premium in the sector for the season. The company Brokbuisness signed 313 contracts (16%). The company is rated third for all other indicators. It collected UAH 15 million (14%) and insured crops on 75,000 hectares (14%). The company PZU-Ukraine is in the first group. This company did not participate in the KhlibInvestBud programme, however sold 114 contracts (6% of all contracts in this season).  The company insured over 38,000 hectares (7%). The first group does not include the companies ING0-Ukraine and UNICA. Both sold few contracts (43 and 16 respectively). At the same time, both companies collected significant premiums - UAH 2.9 million (ING)-Ukraine) and UAH 4.9 million (UNICA). INGO-Ukraine insured 55,000 hectares (10% of the total insured acreage). Yet we did not include this company into the leader group for the very low average portfolio rate (0.7%).  The Company UNICA is in the second group for few contracts sold. The second group consists of the following companies: INGO-Ukraine, TAS, Oranta, ASKA and UNICA. All these companies, except UNICA, sold over 30 contracts each. The company ASKA sold 53 contracts, more than any other company in this group. This company participated in the KhlibInvestBud grain purchase programme. The Company UNICA collected UAH 4.9 million, more than any other company in the group. This company seems to prefer to insure big producers and agricultural holdings. Similar tendencies were observed with regard to the winter crop insurance in autumn 2010. The Company INGO-Ukraine insured 55,000 hectares, more than any other company in this group. The third group consists of the companies that throughout 2011 spring –summer sold less than 20 contracts each: ASKO-DS, UPSK, Oranta-Sich and Universl’na.  Each of these companies insured no less than 10,000 hectares. It is important to notice that three companies in this group applied the average rate less than 1%. The company Universl’na is the only exception (7.08%), however the volume of sales of this company was very modest. Table: the insurers’ shares by a range of indicators Contracts, % Total sum insured for the group,% Premiums collected, % Acreage insured, % Premium rate per group Market leaders 89 74 74 73 4.05% Group II 10 23 24 25 1.54% Group III 1 2 2 2 0.48% In spring-autumn 2011, the average premium rate in this market was 3.38 %. This average rate was calculated by dividing the total premium collected by the sum insured. The mean value of the premium rate by company was 2.57%. Importantly, in the leader group the average rate for all (except one) companies was over 3%. PZU-Ukraine was the only exception with the average portfolio rate at 2.04%. The companies in the second group applied very different rates. For instance, the average rate for the ASKA was 3.55%, 2.99% for UNICA, 2.58% for Oranta and under 2% for the two other companies. In the third group all companies except Universl’na applied the average rate lower than 1%. These companies concentrated primarily on insuring collaterised crops or insured crops against one or very few specific risks. The major agri-insurance indicators by company are given in the table below. Table: Aggregated data by insurance provider for spring-autumn 2011 Company Contracts Sum insured, UAH Premiums, UAH Total acreage, hectares Average premium rate ASKA-DS 7               9,538,566                       83,026                   2,100 0.87% INGO-Ukraine 43            409,696,116                       2,853,931                55,277 0.70% UPSK 16                  65,786,531                           267,147                        8,507 0.41% TAS 41               86,421,252                     958,933                     14,711 1.11% Провидна 868                925,779,689                     34,205,405                   176,851 3.69% Providna 37                  38,876,620                       1,003,521                     14,742 2.58% Oranta-Sich 2                     2,353,680                                3,530                        1,791 0.15% PZU-Ukraine 114                  82,566,626                       1,686,214                     38,145 2.04% UASK 470                891,295,214                     45,174,815                   106,370 5.07% Universal’na 1 250,290 17,720                     103 7.08% ASKA 53                  53,659,849                       1,902,554                     12,069 3.55% Brokbusiness 313                471,092,650                     15,044,727                     74,755 3.19% UNICA 16                162,347,296                       4,862,266                     34,635 2.99% Total                1,981            3,199,664,378                   108,063,789                   540,057 We could not estimate the loss ratios for spring-autumn 2011 as the insurers were not be able to submit the relevant data before the end of the year. We are planning to collect the loss data and finalise this document in the first quarter of 2012. Agri-Insurance Development Project, IFC

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